夏玉米产量时空变化及气候年型分析

定量分析夏玉米同一品种产量及产量构成要素时空变化,探讨造成产量时空差异的气候年型组合变化特征。基于2004～2013年夏玉米种植区郑单958多点田间试验数据分析表明,夏玉米区域平均产量为9 055 kg/hm~2,年际差为1 635 kg/hm~2,变幅为18.1%;地点差4 258 kg/hm~2,变幅为47.1%。夏玉米区域平均千粒重为313 g,年际变幅为13.1%;地点变幅为27.8%。夏玉米区域平均穗粒数为479,年际变幅为18.0%,地点变幅为38.7%。千粒重的增加导致夏玉米产量显著增加。穗粒数显著降低和时空差异大是造成产量波动和时空差异变幅大的主要原因。夏玉米产量和产量构成要素,低产点受各气候要素变化的影响显著;平产点受温度和日最高温度大于33℃的天数影响显著;高产点受降水影响显著。     

System for quasi‐continuous simultaneous measurement of oxygen diffusion rate and redox potential in soil

Oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) and redox potential (E_H) are quantitative indices representing oxygen availability and redox status in soils, which is valuable information for better understanding causes and effects of soil aeration. Because these indices are spatially and temporally highly variable, continuous measurements and adequate numbers of repetitions are essential for accurate in situ monitoring. Here, we present a new, fully automated recording system for in situ measurements where ODR and E_H are measured at the same platinum electrode. The conflict between electrode polarization for ODR and the resulting biased E_H readings is solved by reducing the polarization time and introducing a recovery interval between two consecutive measurement cycles. The shorter polarization time ensures accurate E_H readings. It also results in moderately overestimated ODR readings, but this can be corrected before data analysis. The recovery interval restricts temporal resolution of the E_H‐ODR data pairs to 8 h. We illustrate the use of the system with measurements in a field experiment in Zürich, Switzerland. ODR curves at different depths ran roughly parallel to the corresponding curves of O₂ concentration in soil air but ODR was much more sensitive to precipitation. Low ODR was a necessary but not a sufficient condition for declining E_H. E_H ran parallel to O₂ concentration in soil air rather than to ODR. The fully automated system allows for time series of replicate measurements in multifactorial field studies with reasonable labor requirements. It may be particularly suitable for studies examining the effects of soil tillage, compaction, and irrigation, where structure‐related soil properties such as porosity, gas permeability, and soil aeration play a dominant role.     

The Evolution Characteristics of Spatial Layout of Ancient Chinese Capitals: A Case Study of Sui,Tang and Northern Song Dynasties With Important Changes in the Historical Development of Feudal Society

Imperial city and outer city are the most important differentiation of the spatial structure of ancient Chinese capitals.The relationship between city and Guo changed from the original spatial structure mode of "respecting the west" and "sitting in the west and facing the east" to the spatial structure mode of "sitting in the north and facing the south" and the three outer cities in the east,south and west surrounding the imperial city after the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties,and gradually changed from the original "multi palace" system to the "single palace" system.Finally,a "heavy city" capital spatial structure with the outer city around the imperial city and the imperial city around the palace city,and the central axis of the chessboard format was formed.During the Tang and Song Dynasties,it was a period of great change in the history of feudal society in China.Through the investigation of the evolution characteristics of the spatial form of capital cities in the Tang and Song Dynasties,the track of the transformation of social ideology,political system,economic structure and many other fields in the Tang and Song Dynasties was made clear.     

基于格网的石漠化地区生态系统服务与经济空间耦合

[目的]分析石漠化地区生态系统服务价值与经济的空间耦合关系,为石漠化地区生态环境保护与社会经济协调发展提供依据。[方法]以贵州省盘州市为例,基于格网尺度,计算了研究区生态服务价值(ESV)与国内生产总值GDP,并利用耦合协调模型,对两者间的耦合协调发展程度进行定量评估。[结果]①盘州市ESV热点区主要分布在东北部的几个少数民族乡镇,冷点区主要分布在经济发展较快且城市化率较高的区域;②盘州市GDP在空间上呈现出局部高的特点,高值区主要集中在石桥镇、亦资街道、翰林街道等工业镇和政治、经济、文化中心;③盘州市ESV与GDP耦合协调度值较低,空间上存在明显的自相关性,耦合协调度较低的区域主要分布在盘州市东南部、北部以及中部;④盘州市ESV与GDP耦合协调度类型以严重失调衰退经济损益型为主,占区域总面积的79.95%。[结论]盘州市ESV与GDP在空间上存在一定矛盾,耦合协调度较低,兼顾生态环境保护与经济发展有助于提升协调度。     

鄱阳湖区反嘴鹬种群数量动态与空间分布格局

2002—2015年,采用同步调查法对鄱阳湖区反嘴鹬(Recurvirostra avosetta)越冬种群数量动态与空间分布格局进行了监测。结果表明:鄱阳湖区分布有稳定的反嘴鹬越冬种群,年平均数量为(16684±14653)只,2004年、2005年、2013年种群数量均超过目前其全球数量的10%,2004年冬季鄱阳湖区越冬反嘴鹬数量达到最大值,为47520只。鄱阳湖区共有70个湖泊记录到反嘴鹬,其中反嘴鹬种群数量达到全球1%以上的湖泊有20个。每年冬季鄱阳湖区反嘴鹬集中分布在常湖、蚌湖、花庙湖和下坝湖,而反嘴鹬利用频次最高的是大湖池,每年反嘴鹬的越冬数量为(1819±1593)只。各湖泊中反嘴鹬的年平均数量与利用频次之间不存在显著相关性。自然保护区涵盖了反嘴鹬在鄱阳湖越冬的主要湖泊,分布在保护区内的反嘴鹬种群占鄱阳湖区越冬总数量的(75.3±26.0)%,但仍有很多重要的湖泊没有被纳入到保护区范围。反嘴鹬对保护区内湖泊的利用频次与保护区外湖泊的利用频次不存在显著性差异,保护区内反嘴鹬的种群数量显著大于保护区外。     

Primary productivity in patches of heterogeneous swards after 12 years of low-intensity cattle grazing

In low-intensity grazing systems, patch grazing leads to a mosaic structure of short (frequently defoliated) and tall (rarely defoliated) patches, with the stocking rate determining the proportion of these patch types on the pasture. Little is known about the long-term effects of patch grazing on the productivity of contrasting sward height patches developed under varying stocking rates. On a 12-year low-intensity cattle pasture we investigated aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its seasonal variation in different patch types (‘short’, ‘medium’ and ‘tall’) under three stocking rates (‘moderate’, ‘lenient’ and ‘very lenient’) over two years. Additionally, we determined stocks of soil phosphorus, potassium and magnesium as well as soil pH. ANPP was affected by an interaction of patch type and stocking rate and ranged from less than 300 g/m² in short patches under very lenient stocking to more than 1,000 g/m² in medium patches under moderate stocking. In contrast with observations at the start of the experiment, ANPP in short patches was similar to or less than that in medium and tall patches. As topsoil phosphorus and potassium stocks were lowest in short patches, this indicates a long-term redistribution of nutrients by grazing animals, which limits short-patch productivity. Productivity of medium patches increased with stocking rate, and soil potassium concentration showed a similar trend, pointing towards enhanced nutrient cycling under more intensive stocking. We conclude that nutrient redistribution may lead to increasing trade-offs between ecological and agronomic aims in long-term low-intensity grazing systems.     

单细胞转录组测序技术及其在肌内脂肪细胞研究中的应用

单细胞转录组测序(single-cell RNA sequencing,scRNA-seq)技术在单细胞水平对转录组进行测序,可从表达量、细胞量及细胞组成等多种角度描述样本,主要包括单细胞分离、mRNA反转录、文库构建、转录组测序和数据分析等步骤。单细胞分离是scRNA-seq技术操作的第一步,常用的细胞分离方法有连续稀释法、显微操作法、荧光激活流式细胞术、激光捕获显微切割术和微流控技术。基于不同细胞捕获、cDNA扩增和文库构建开发了许多scRNA-seq方法,如CEL-seq2、Drop-seq、MARS-seq、SCRB-seq、Smart-seq、Smart-seq2等。与传统测序方法相比,scRNA-seq可识别单个细胞的基因表达信息、记录细胞的空间位置、跟踪不同细胞谱系在分化过程中的轨迹,这为研究难以大量提取的肌内脂肪细胞分子特异性和发生分化过程带来极大便利。作者简要介绍了scRNA-seq技术的关键步骤,比较分析了单细胞分离和转录组测序方法的优缺点,综述了肌内脂肪细胞的起源以及scRNA-seq在肌内脂肪细胞的亚群和标记基因鉴定以及细胞分化轨迹追踪中的应用,以期为肌内脂肪细胞的深入研究提供参考依据。     

Determining spatial feed distribution in sea cage aquaculture using an aerial camera platform

Within this paper we describe an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based method to estimate the spatial feed pellet distribution in salmon fish-cages and exploit it within a case study to determine the radial pellet distribution for different rotor spreaders and blower configurations. Compared to previously used methods, capturing pellets thrown from a rotary feed spreader in rows of Styrofoam boxes, the UAV based method is simpler and faster to setup and allows to cover a larger portion of the sea cage surface area. We compare results obtained with the Styrofoam box method with results we obtained by an automatic analysis of aerial videos taken by the UAV during feeding experiments. The employed method helps to gain insight into the spatial feed pellet distribution in full-scale salmon fish-cages where the feeding pipe and actual fixation of the spreader may influence the dynamic behaviour of the feeding system. This can also be seen as a step towards a continuous measuring of the feed pellet distribution, particularly in view of possible future feeding systems that may allow to adapt the feed pellet distribution to the actual fish distribution.     

Impact of Caligus treatments on unit costs of heterogeneous salmon farms in Chile

We measure the impact that sanitary treatments that control ectoparasite Caligus rogercresseyi abundance have on unit production costs of Salmo salar farms in Chile. We follow complete production cycles for a sample of farms between 2009 and 2015. We estimate a simultaneous salmon biomass growth and Caligus abundance model. The statistical analysis determines the effect of antiparasitic treatments, location of farms, environmental conditions and Caligus abundance on the salmon growth profile. Using outside cost information, we simulate how unit production costs vary by treatment and farm characteristics. Our results suggest that unit production costs increase on average by $1.4?US/kg with Caligus and treatments. Treatment costs are compensated by higher harvesting levels, and unit production costs are invariant to the situation without treatment. All estimated effects differ depending on farm’s environmental and spatial conditions, suggesting that the design of cost-effective intervention calls for discriminatory regulation under heterogeneous conditions.     

Spatial disparities in neighborhood public tree coverage: Do modes of transportation matter?

Urban green space has various environmental and ecological benefits, and uneven access to such amenities has drawn substantial attention from policy makers in developing sustainable community planning. In this study, we illustrate the spatial distribution of publicly owned and maintained trees in Edmonton, Canada and assess neighborhoods’ heterogeneous tree availability by using the container approach. Through spatial regression models, we further investigate the association of neighborhood public tree availability with socio-economic status (SES). We contribute to the existing literature by taking resident modes of transportation into consideration, in addition to many other commonly examined SES such as household income and ethnicity. Another unique contribution of this study is that we distinguish trees planted on different location types (i.e., boulevard, park, and buffer areas) when exploring the unequal coverage across neighborhoods and among different SES groups. Key results include: (1) a general examination without differentiating location types can lead to misleading results and thus provide inappropriate policy recommendations; (2) resident modes of transportation is a critical factor associated with a neighborhood’s public tree coverage; and (3) there exists evident spatial dependence on public tree availability between neighborhoods. The results from this study provide important information to better understand the issue and to allocate public resource (such as tree coverage) more efficiently and effectively to support sustainable community development.